Secondary plant substances
Secondary plant substances such as resveratrol, quercetin or berberine have many health-promoting properties.
Secondary plant substances - nature is the best pharmacy
Plants use certain substances to protect themselves from environmental influences such as pests or ultraviolet radiation. These bioactive molecules are known for their many health-promoting properties for us humans and are also commonly referred to as secondary plant substances .
Are there also primary plant substances? Yes, these include carbohydrates, proteins and fats - in contrast to secondary plant substances, they are directly involved in the metabolic activity or growth of plants. Secondary plant substances, on the other hand, fulfill the protective functions mentioned aboveThe "wilder" plants have grown, the higher the concentration of secondary plant substances.
You are what you eat - or are you?
Plants signal their numerous healthy ingredients to us with their bright colors. The shimmering blue of blueberries, caused by anthocyanins, a subgroup of flavonoids, promises strong antioxidant effects. Other flavonoids can be found in the crunchy skin of apples, or in the colorful peppers. Red grapes contain the ingredient resveratrol and broccoli contains glucosinolates.
All these substances can be summarized in the supergroup "secondary plant substances". They are responsible for a large part of the health-promoting effect of fruit and vegetables.
Nature as inspiration for medicines
Scientists have always used nature as a source of inspiration for possible medicines. ASA originally comes from the bark of willow trees, painkillers come from the dried milky sap of the opium poppy and certain cancer drugs are extracted from the Pacific yew tree.
Many other drugs are further developments of molecules found in nature. For example, the oldest naturally occurring antibiotic has been continuously developed by attaching molecular structures and thus generating new antibiotics.
Was sind sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe
Sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe sind chemische Verbindungen, die in Pflanzen vorkommen und dort hauptsächlich Schutzfunktionen einnehmen. Grundlegende Rolle im Stoffwechsel der Pflanzen spielen sie keine – diese Aufgabe übernehmen „primäre“ Pflanzenstoffe wie Kohlenhydrate, Proteine und Fette. Während man die primären Stoffe auf einer Hand abzählen kann, warten die sekundären Pflanzenstoffe mit einer unfassbaren Vielfalt auf.
Insgesamt sind bisher etwa 100.000 verschiedene bekannt. Von diesen kommen rund 5.000 bis 10.000 in der menschlichen Nahrung vor. Die verschiedenen sekundären Pflanzenstoffe lassen sich aufgrund ihrer chemischen Struktur und funktionellen Eigenschaften in verschiedene Gruppen einteilen. Zu diesen Gruppen gehören Polyphenole, Flavonoide, Alkaloide, Glucosinolate, Polyamine und viele weitere. Je nach chemischer Struktur unterscheiden sich die Effekte der besonderen Moleküle im menschlichen Körper.
Chlorophyll und Phytinsäure gehören ebenfalls zu den sekundären Pflanzenstoffen, lassen sich jedoch keiner definitiven Gruppe zuordnen.
In den letzten Jahrzehnten ist das Wissen über die Bedeutung sekundärer Pflanzenstoffe für die menschliche Gesundheit sprunghaft angestiegen. Nach vielen kleineren Studien wurden große prospektive Beobachtungsstudien (Kohortenstudien) und Interventionsstudien mit isolierten sekundären Pflanzenstoffen durchgeführt. Vor einigen Jahren war noch unklar, ob die Effekte auf dem Zusammenspiel verschiedener Moleküle beruhen, oder ob einzelne Stoffe dafür verantwortlich sind. Insbesondere hier hat die Forschung Licht ins Dunkel gebracht. Fest steht, dass eine Ernährung reich an sekundären Pflanzenstoffen viele Gesundheitsindikatoren verbessert.
Bedeutung von sekundären Pflanzenstoffen für die Pflanzenwelt und ihre Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit
Bevor wir uns die Effekte im Körper anschauen, werfen wir einen Blick auf die Funktionen in der Pflanzenwelt. Die Hauptaufgabe der sekundären Pflanzenstoffe besteht darin, Pflanzen vor schädlichen Einflüssen zu schützen. Sie dienen als natürliche Abwehrmechanismen gegen pflanzenfressende Insekten, Pilze, Bakterien und andere Krankheitserreger.
Sie können auch dazu beitragen, die Flora vor UV-Strahlung, Hitze, Kälte und anderen Umweltstressfaktoren zu schützen.
Auf Basis dieser bemerkenswerten Eigenschaften haben sich Forscher die Frage gestellt, ob sich manche Effekte auch auf den Menschen übertragen lassen, zumal viele der Pflanzen auf unserem Speiseplan stehen. Tausende Studien später kennen wir die erfreuliche Antwort darauf.
Viele sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe haben nachweislich antioxidative Eigenschaften, was bedeutet, dass sie freie Radikale bekämpfen und oxidative Schäden im Körper reduzieren können.
Freie Radikale sind instabile Moleküle, die in unserem Körper durch verschiedene Faktoren wie Umweltverschmutzung, Stress, Rauchen und ungesunde Ernährung entstehen. Ein gewisses Mindestmaß an „oxidativem Stress“ ist tatsächlich überlebenswichtig (unter anderem für unser Immunsystem). Ein Überschuss an freien Radikalen verursacht jedoch Zellschäden und wird deshalb mit chronischen Problemen wie Herzerkrankungen und neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht.
Darüber hinaus können bestimmte sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe Entzündungen eindämmen und das Immunsystem stärken. Sie verbessern zudem die Durchblutung verbessern und unterstützen die Knochengesundheit.
What types of phytochemicals are there?
Grapes in particular are especially rich in resveratrol - probably the best-known polyphenol.
Polyphenols
Polyphenols are one of the largest groups. They are found in almost all plants, from berries and spinach to oatmeal and walnuts.
Green tea contains a special subgroup of polyphenols, the catechins. These include the complicated-sounding molecule epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG. EGCG has been shown in animal studies to be effective against high blood sugar, in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases and in the lowering of cholesterol levels.
Another polyphenol is resveratrol, which is abundant in red grapes. You may have heard of the French paradox . Despite a high-fat diet with high nicotine consumption, French people seemed to live longer. This is partly attributed to the high polyphenol content of some wine varieties, such as Pinot Noir. One of the best-known researchers on resveratrol is Harvard professor Dr. David Sinclair.
Folgende Lebensmittel sind reich an Polyphenolen
- Gewürze und Kräuter: Gewürze wie Nelken, Sternanis und Pfefferminze sowie getrocknete Kräuter sind besonders reich an Polyphenolen.
- Dunkle Schokolade und Kakao: Dunkle Schokolade und reines Kakaopulver sind ausgezeichnete Quellen für Polyphenole.
- Beeren: Heidelbeeren, Brombeeren und andere Beerensorten enthalten hohe Mengen an Polyphenolen.
- Obst und Gemüse: Äpfel, Birnen, Trauben, Zwiebeln, Rüben und Grünkohl sind einige der Obst- und Gemüsesorten, die reich an Polyphenolen sind.
- Nüsse: Nüsse, insbesondere Walnüsse und Haselnüsse, sind gute Quellen für Polyphenole.
- Vollkornprodukte: Vollkorngetreide und -brot können auch erhebliche Mengen an Polyphenolen liefern.
- Hülsenfrüchte: Hülsenfrüchte wie Bohnen und Linsen sind ebenfalls reich an diesen nützlichen Verbindungen.
- Tee, Kaffee und Rotwein: Diese Getränke sind bekannt für ihren hohen Gehalt an Polyphenolen. Grüner Tee ist besonders reichhaltig an Catechinen.
- Olivenöl: Extra natives Olivenöl ist eine hervorragende Quelle für Polyphenole.
The flavonoid apigenin is hidden in parsley in comparably large quantities. According to studies, it can support NAD levels.
Flavonoids
Strictly speaking, flavonoids also belong to the polyphenols.
Apigenin occurs naturally in some herbs, such as parsley or coriander. However, chamomile and celery also contain apigenin. In higher concentrations, this molecule can keep NAD levels high by inhibiting the enzyme CD38 . Higher NADlevels are associated with a longer healthspan.
In addition to apigenin, luteolin also interferes with NAD metabolism. Luteolin, which is mainly found in olive oil, rosemary, thyme and carrots, also has a positive effect on the longevity genes, the so-called sirtuins.
Quercetin, the third representative in the group, supports the immune system and can have a positive effect on allergies. The flavonoid can also promote the breakdown of old cells that are no longer dividing. The process is also known as senolysis.
More on this topic: What is quercetin?
What is regeNAD (with luteolin and apigenin)?
Folgende Lebensmittel sind reich an Flavonoiden
- Beeren: Blaubeeren, schwarze Johannisbeeren und Brombeeren sind reich an einer Art von Flavonoiden namens Anthocyane.
- Zwiebeln und Kohl: Diese Gemüsesorten sind gute Quellen für Flavanole, eine Subklasse von Flavonoiden.
- Weintrauben und Rotwein: Beide enthalten hohe Mengen an Flavonoiden, insbesondere wenn die Traubenschale beteiligt ist.
- Tee: Sowohl grüner als auch schwarzer Tee sind reich an mehreren Arten von Flavonoiden.
- Äpfel und Birnen: Diese Früchte sind gute Quellen für verschiedene Arten von Flavonoiden.
- Sojaprodukte: Soja enthält Isoflavone, eine spezielle Art von Flavonoiden.
- Pfirsiche, Tomaten und Kopfsalat
- Zitrusfrüchte: Grapefruits, Zitronen und Orangen sind reich an Flavonoiden.
- Viele Kräuter und Gewürze: Dazu zählen beispielsweise Petersilie, Thymian und Sellerie.
Menge und Art der Flavonoide in Lebensmitteln können variieren, abhängig von Faktoren wie Reifegrad, Lagerung und Zubereitung. Auch hier gilt es auf hohe Reinheit und unabhängige Herstellerzertifikate zu achten, wenn du nach entsprechenden Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln suchst.
The alkaloid berberine accumulates in the well-known barberry plants. It is a great natural hope for blood sugar research.
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are characterized by at least one nitrogen atom in a ring structure. There are many different alkaloids, which have different properties depending on their molecular structure. You will certainly be familiar with some of them. Caffeine belongs to this group, as does the painkiller morphine.
Another representative is berberine, which is found in various plants such as barberry. In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties and its long-standing use in Chinese medicine, the effect of berberine on blood sugar is currently being investigated. Some studies have found comparable positive effects on blood sugar and insulin sensitivity as with prescription diabetes medication.
Bekannte Alkaloide und ihre Verwendung
Zu den bekanntesten Alkaloiden gehören:
- Morphin: Es ist das Haupt-Alkaloid des Schlafmohns und wird als starkes Schmerzmittel verwendet.
- Coffein: Dieses Alkaloid, das in Kaffee, Tee und einigen anderen Pflanzen vorkommt, ist ein Stimulans des zentralen Nervensystems.
- Nicotin: Es ist das Additiv in Tabak und e-Zigaretten und hat starke stimulierende und entspannende Wirkungen – allerdings auch ein enorm hohes Suchtpotential.
- Quinin: Dieses Alkaloid, das aus der Rinde des Chinarindenbaums gewonnen wird, wurde traditionell zur Behandlung von Malaria verwendet.
Berberin, das Hauptalkaloid in Berbersome, wird seit langem in der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin zur Behandlung von Verdauungsproblemen und Infektionen eingesetzt. Außerdem spielt es eine Rolle im Zuckerstoffwechsel und ist so ein Hoffnungsträger für die Diabetes-Forschung.
Broccoli (especially the sprouts) is particularly rich in glucoraphanin - the direct precursor of sulforaphane.
Glucosinolates
Green vegetables, especially broccoli and spinach, contain another group of phytochemicals: glucosinolates. To be more precise, they contain the substance glucoraphanin. This is converted into sulforaphane with the help of an enzyme, which contributes to the slightly bitter taste of these vegetables.
Sulforaphane, like almost all phytochemicals, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The other effects in the body are interesting. According to studies, sulphoraphane can lower blood pressure and help the liver to detoxify via the Nrf2 pathway.
Glucosinolate in Lebensmitteln
Glucosinolate kommen in vielen Arten von Kreuzblütler-Gemüse vor, darunter:
- Brokkoli
- Blumenkohl
- Kohl
- Rosenkohl
- Radieschen
- Rucola
- Gartenkresse
- Senf
- Meerrettich
The polyamine with the special name is hidden in soybeans and wheat germ. We are talking about spermidine.
Polyamines
Polyamines occupy a special position. Depending on the definition, they belong to the extended group of secondary plant substances. One of the best-known representatives is the molecule spermidine, which is responsible for cell division and stress tolerance in plants.
It is found in large quantities in soya and wheat germ , for example. It is currently being further researched in humans due to its ability to increase autophagy. Based on the latest research results, it is assumed thatspermidine has similar positive effects on the body as fasting . In addition, spermidine appears to offer protection against neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases through improved autophagy.
Polyamine in Lebensmitteln
Zu den Lebensmitteln, die besonders reich an Polyaminen sind, gehören:
- Fleisch und Fisch
- Bestimmte Käsesorten, wie Cheddar und Gouda
- Sojabohnen & Chlorella Algen (siehe Spermidin)
- Fermentierte Lebensmittel wie Sauerkraut und Kimchi
- Hefe und Hefeextrakte
Highly pure, concentrated secondary plant substances from MoleQlar
"An apple a day, keeps the doctor away" - what's behind the metaphor?
Is the old saying "An apple a day keeps the doctor away" still true today? According to the studies, this is doubtful. Industrial agriculture allows us to produce large quantities of food, but this is often at the expense of nutrients.
It is not the macronutrients - carbohydrates, fats and proteins - that remain unchanged, it is primarily about micronutrients. Some studies have shown that the vitamin C content of an apple from conventional farming is up to 50% lower than from organic farming. In addition, other secondary plant substances such as flavonoids are significantly reduced.
Bioavailability of phytochemicals
By definition, bioavailability refers to the extent and speed at which an active ingredient is absorbed by the body and reaches its site of action. This proportion is often low for plant-based foods, including phytochemicals. However, various factors can improve absorption.
In the case of polyphenols, for example, bioavailability appears to be improved by physiological quantities, exposure to heat and particle size reduction (e.g. grinding) during processing. In addition, the presence or absence of certain nutrients can influence the bioavailability of polyphenols. For example, a higher fat content and the presence of other polyphenols can increase the bioavailability of polyphenols, while the presence of proteins and antioxidants (vitamins C and E) appears to reduce gastrointestinal degradation. As far as vitamins are concerned, however, the research results are mixed.
These fundamental findings were also the basis for the development of food supplements. Extracting or isolating the substances from the plants not only enables a higher concentration, but also greater purity. If the pure substances are then also paired with phospholipids, this results in significantly increased availability for our body.
Find out more about phospholipidshere.
Possible side effects of an overdose of phytochemicals
Secondary plant substances, including the well-known flavonoids, have numerous health benefits - but there are a few things to consider when it comes to dosage. An overdose can have various consequences.
- Changes in hormone activity: Some secondary plant substances, such as isoflavones, can influence the activity of hormones in the body. Isoflavones from soy and red clover are similar in structure to estrogens and can therefore interact with the corresponding receptors in the body. At very high intakes, they can upset the hormonal balance.
- Interactions with medications: Secondary plant substances can interact with certain medications via the CYP450 system of the liver and alter their effectiveness. For example, flavonoids can affect blood clotting and increase the risk of bleeding in people taking blood-thinning medication.
- Toxicity: Although very rare, some phytochemicals can be toxic in high doses. For example, high doses of capsaicin, the phytochemical that gives chili peppers their heat, can cause gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Allergic reactions: In some people, phytochemicals can trigger allergic reactions, especially when consumed in high quantities.
It is generally the case that the amount of phytochemicals consumed in a normal diet is usually safe. Problems usually arise from the improper or excessive use of food supplements. Therefore, follow the dosage recommendations on the packaging and talk to your trusted doctor beforehand if you are taking medication.
Sources
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