N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a derivative of the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine. In chemistry, a derivative refers to a substance that has a similar structure. N-acetylated cysteine is a white crystalline powder that dissolves easily in water. It is known for its mucolytic and antioxidant effects in respiratory diseases with thick mucus production. Molecules held together by disulfide bridges are cleaved by N-Acetylcysteine. Thick and poorly soluble mucus becomes liquid and can be coughed up more easily. N-Acetylcysteine is also effectively used in the treatment of paracetamol poisoning .
What is N-Acetylcysteine?
NAC is a direct precursor of glutathione, which is an atypical tripeptide. It is formed from the amino acids glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid. It plays a particularly important role in erythrocytes (red blood cells). NAC increases glutathione levels in the liver and supports it in detoxification.
Where is N-Acetylcysteine found?
The molecule N-Acetylcysteine, discovered in 1899 is not found in our body or in our food in its natural state. As mentioned, NAC is the immediate precursor of glutathione, which is present in almost all living cells and serves a protective function. Mainly stored in the liver, medical studies focus on how potentially harmful compounds can be eliminated through medications and also cigarette smoke. The glutathione level decreases with age. Due to the antioxidant and liver-protective properties of NAC, it is becoming increasingly popular in the field of bodybuilding. Since N-acetylcysteine has a synthetic nature, direct intake through food is not possible. Cysteine oxidizes rapidly, and usually, the more stable N-acetylcysteine is used for supplementation.
Did you know? NAC is listed on the list of essential medicines by the WHO (World Health Organization).
What functions does N-Acetylcysteine have in the human body?
N-Acetylcysteine is metabolized after ingestion to the deacetylated form L-Cysteine and further to Glutathione, which is one of the most potent endogenous antioxidants there is. The most outstanding function of NAC lies in its ability to act on various levels of the organism. Especially in connection with the respiratory system, health discomforts can be alleviated. NAC has the ability to cross directly into the brain, as it overcomes the blood-brain barrier. This barrier prevents potentially toxic molecules from the bloodstream from entering the central nervous system. Thus, it is evident how effectively NAC can influence nervous tissue.There are medical studies, that have shown that mental disorders as well as substance dependencies can be reduced through the intake of NAC.
Since N-acetylcysteine regulates glutamate levels and replenishes glutathione reserves, it reduces age-related oxidative stress in the brain and improves learning and memory capacity. It also seems to enhance dopamine function. Cysteine and glutathione are essential for the maintenance of the immune system. The numerical increase of immune cells such as lymphocytes or macrophages can be achieved through NAC. Since the addition of NAC raises the glutathione level in the liver, it makes detoxifying harmful substances and toxins easier. Further functions of NAC are part of ongoing research.
Did you know?
By combining N-Acetylcysteine with the amino acid glycine, you get GlyNAC. This molecule was able to extend the lifespan of mice by 24% in animal studies and in another study conducted by Prof. Dr. Rajagopal Sekhar, researchers observed positive changes in the Hallmarks of Aging . Z.B Insulin resistance improved in the study participants .
Benefits of a supplement with N-Acetylcysteine
As can be seen, N-Acetylcysteine is a molecular jack-of-all-trades that offers many applications. In training as well as bodybuilding, NAC provides clear advantages that can benefit performance.
- Protection against oxidative stress and damage from free radicals
- Protection of the brain and enhancement of cognitive performance
- Improvement of liver detoxification
- Improvement of muscle regeneration
- Supports respiratory health and may improve lung function (especially important when lifting heavy weights and during intense training)
- Promotes muscle growth and fat loss
- Regulates blood sugar levels
- Protects the kidneys
N-Acetylcysteine & Longevity
A 2018 study has shown that NAC may play a potential role in longevity and stress resistance. This has been demonstrated in various models such as yeast, worms, flies, and mice. In C.elegans, a type of nematode, extended NAC both the average lifespan (by 30.5%) and the maximum lifespan (by 8 days).
