Luteolin is a fascinating flavonoid that is found in many of our daily foods. Flavonoids are a group of secondary plant compounds with variable phenolic structures that occur in many plants. You can find luteolin mainly in herbs (thyme), vegetables, and fruits.
It possesses a range of properties that make it interesting not only for nutrition science but also for medical research. From its role as an antioxidant to its anti-inflammatory effects – luteolin has a lot to offer. Luteolin is also particularly interesting for researchers in the field of aging research.It has been observed that Luteolin inhibits an important enzyme (CD38) that directly influences the human aging process via NAD+ .
Where is Luteolin found?
This list gives you an overview of which foods contain Luteolin. It is interesting to know that the amount of Luteolin in these foods can vary significantly, depending on various factors such as cultivation method and ripeness.
- Herbs: Thyme, Parsley, Oregano, Mint, Rosemary
- Vegetables: Beets, Celery, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Bell Peppers, Carrots, Onions, Cabbage, Spinach
- Fruits: Apples (especially the skin), Cherries, Grapes, Oranges
- Legumes: Green Peas, Green Beans
What health benefits does Luteolin have?
Inhibition of CD38 and the influence of Luteolin on NAD metabolism
Luteolin is a substance found in many plants and has the ability to inhibit the activity of an enzyme called CD38.CD38 plays an important role in the metabolism of NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), a substance that is essential for energy production and overall cell health. Particularly in the context of cardiovascular diseases and aging processes, this interaction between luteolin, CD38, and NAD is of special significance.
Importance for cardiovascular
When the heart temporarily does not receive enough blood (z.B.: in the context of a heart attack) and is later supplied with blood again (this is called reperfusion), an enzyme called CD38 becomes more active. CD38 subsequently reduces the amount of an important substance called NADP(H) in the heart. NADP(H) helps in the production of nitric oxide (NO), an important substance that ensures our blood vessels function properly.
When NADP(H) decreases, the blood vessels do not function as well.Luteolinidin, a type of luteolin, can inhibit CD38 and thus help to retain more NADP(H). This means that blood vessels may function better after ischemia/reperfusion.
Significance for the aging process
In relation to aging, NAD is particularly relevant, as a higher NAD level is associated with improved cell function and a potential slowing of the aging process. Especially researchers like David Sinclair and Dr. Mark Hyman are convinced of the role of NAD in the longevity field.
Since CD38 contributes to lowering NAD levels, the inhibition of CD38 by substances like Luteolin could help maintain higher NAD levels and thus delay or prevent age-related dysfunctions and diseases. In addition to Luteolin, Quercetin and Apigeninalso play a role in CD38 inhibition.
Anti-inflammatory properties
Traditionally, plants with high Luteolin content have been used to treat inflammation . Both isolated Luteolin and extracts from Luteolin-rich plants have shown anti-inflammatory effects in various models.
The aim of a study was to describe the anti-inflammatory activity of Luteolin based on recent research findings – particularly at the molecular level.The possibilities for future research and the development of Luteolin as an anti-inflammatory drug should be evaluated.
The results show that Luteolin and some of its derivatives, such as Luteolin-7-O-Glucoside, have strong anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro (in the test tube) and in vivo (in living organisms) . The mechanisms of action of Luteolin are diverse, but important target transcription factors include Src in the NF-κB signaling pathway, MAPK in the AP-1 signaling pathway, and SOCS3 in the STAT3 signaling pathway. A clinical study with a Luteolin-containing formulation showed an excellent therapeutic effect in inflammation-related diseases.
In summary, the current scientific evidence suggests that the main mechanism of the pharmacological effect of Luteolin lies in its anti-inflammatory activity, which is mediated by the regulation of transcription factors such as NF-κB, STAT3, and AP-1.
Antioxidative activity of Luteolin
There are several mechanisms that support the antioxidative activity of Luteolin:
- Neutralization of free radicals: Luteolin acts directly as a radical scavenger by binding free radicals. This prevents cell damage caused by oxidative processes.
- Modulation of Antioxidant Enzymes: It influences the activity of enzymes that play a key role in the body's antioxidant protection, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.
- Reduction of Oxidative Stress: Luteolin contributes to the reduction of oxidative stress by decreasing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cells.
- Influence on Signaling Pathways: It interacts with various cellular signaling pathways involved in the regulation of oxidative stress, thereby modulating the cellular response to oxidative challenges.
- Protection of DNA from Oxidation The molecule helps protect DNA in the cells from oxidative damage, which is important for cell health and the prevention of mutations.
At MoleQlar, Luteolin is part of regeNAD – a NAD booster – and from MoleQlar ONE – a complex of carefully selected molecules, vitamins, and minerals.
regeNAD is an innovatively formulated complex to increase NAD levels - with Luteolin and Apigenin.
Heart Health
Various studies have investigated, how luteolin can influence heart diseases, particularly regarding its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties:
In one study, it was found that the molecule reduced infarct size in diabetic rats that had suffered a heart I/R injury, improved heart function, and decreased cell death of cardiac muscle cells. This effect was mediated by the influence on CD38 discussed above. Luteolin also acts by increasing certain proteins that protect cells from death and reduce inflammatory responses.
In another study, it was investigated (also in rats) how the secondary plant compound affects the contractility of heart muscle cells in heart failure. This is due to an improved expression, activity, and stability of numerous small signaling proteins. These changes improved heart function and reduced the formation of connective tissue instead of muscle tissue in the heart in heart failure.
A review article also dealt with the cardioprotective (heart-protecting) effects. The publication examines how these mechanisms work in heart diseases such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, heart failure, and arteriosclerosis.Overall, Luteolin, a ubiquitous flavonoid in food, is an effective protection for the cardiovascular system and a promising option in the prevention of heart diseases.
Protection of the nervous system
In a publication, the neuroprotective effect of Luteolin on neurological trauma and neurodegenerative diseases was investigated. Inflammation in the nervous system can lead to neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive defects, and brain damage. In the case of neurological trauma or traumatic brain injury, glial cells, neurons, and neuroimmune cells in the brain are activated, releasing inflammatory mediators. This inflammatory response can lead to persistent brain damage and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
Luteolin shows promising properties in combating these processes in various studies. It can suppress the activation of immune cells such as mast cells and the release of inflammatory mediators from these cells. It also reduces the neuroinflammatory response, the activation of microglia and astrocytes, oxidative stress, and the severity of neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis.
Luteolin and Skin Health
Another review examined the role of Luteolin, in the context of skin health. It seems to play an important role in protecting plants, for example against UV radiation, by partially absorbing UVA and UVB rays.This property makes the substance interesting for human skin as it can act as the first line of defense against harmful photobiological effects.
Furthermore, the already discussed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of luteolin on skin cells such as keratinocytes and fibroblasts as well as on various immune cells (z.B. macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and T cells) have been described. The molecule can demonstrably suppress inflammatory factors (such as z.B. TNF-α, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, and IL-22) and regulate various signaling pathways (such as NF-κB, JAK-STAT, and TLR). In this way, the secondary plant substance modulates many inflammatory processes, including those that occur in the skin.
The researchers concluded that luteolin could be a promising molecule for the development of "creamy" formulations and systemic agents against inflammatory skin diseases.
Can luteolin be supplemented?
Yes, luteolin can also be taken as a dietary supplement. These supplements are often available in the form of capsules or tablets and can contain a concentrated amount of luteolin. They are particularly interesting for individuals who want to increase their intake of this flavonoid without consuming large amounts of the corresponding foods.
